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State Reform Profile

Massachusetts

Massachusetts has among the lowest incarceration rates and has pioneered mental health diversion and reentry programs.

ALTREFORM COMPOSITE84/100

Key Statistics

Incarceration Rate
194
per 100,000 residents
Annual Cost
$65K
per incarcerated person
3-Year Recidivism
50%
reincarcerated within 3 yrs
Racial Disparity
Black vs. White incarceration
Alt. Programs
48
active diversion programs
Reform Initiatives
12
tracked by AltReform

Incarceration by Race

MA Overall194
National Avg568
Black (est.)815
White (est.)57

Incarceration rate per 100,000 residents. Racial estimates based on BJS/Sentencing Project methodology.

Recidivism Rate

50%3-year recidivism
This stateNational avg: 67%

Percent of people reincarcerated within 3 years of release. Source: BJS recidivism data series.

Cost vs. Alternatives

$65K
incarceration/yr
vs.
~$5K
diversion/yr

Active & Passed Reforms

4 initiatives

Criminal Justice Reform ActView full details →

Comprehensive reform raising age of juvenile jurisdiction, reducing mandatory minimums.

PassedSentencing2018
AltReform Score87/100

Question 4 – Marijuana LegalizationView full details →

Legalized recreational marijuana.

PassedDrug Policy2016
AltReform Score85/100

Chapter 69 – Expungement ReformView full details →

Allowed expungement of juvenile records.

PassedReentry2018
AltReform Score83/100

Data Sources & Methodology

Reform data sourced from state legislative records, BJS Criminal Justice Statistics, the Vera Institute Incarceration Trends dataset, and The Sentencing Project. AltReform prediction scores (0,100) are generated by our ML model trained on 20+ years of state-level reform outcomes, weighting recidivism reduction, racial equity impact, cost-effectiveness, and political feasibility. Statistics are the most recent available (2021,2024).

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